PS converter for copper
Endpoint of each slag- and the copper-making step
On-line judgement/correction of the slag quality
Increased revert consumption
Minimized magnetite formation
Temperature indication during slag forming steps
Faster introduction of new operators to the PS process
Process development
⦁ PS converter for Cu/Ni matte
Correct endpoint of slag forming stages
Much increased first pass of PGMs and Co
Reduced PGM, Ni and Co loss to material circulation
Increased revert smelting capacity
Much reduced spinel formation
⦁ Anode furnace
Endpoint of the reduction step
Reduction efficiency (rate of injection)
⦁ TBRC converter (Kaldo) for precious metals
Endpoint of lead oxidation
Endpoint of selenium refinery (minimize Te oxidation)
⦁ Ausmelt/ISA converting furnace
Endpoint determination
⦁ Flash/Kivcet furnace
Burner efficiency, Oxidation/Reduction balance
⦁ Teniente converter
Continuous on-line white metal grade, slag quality
